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Classical conditioning  Ivan Pavlov :- He was a Russian physiologist [ a person who studies the workings of the body ]  . He was studying the digestive system in his dogs, Pavlov had built a device that would accurately measure the amount of saliva produced by the dogs when they were fed a measured amount of food. The food causes a particular reaction, the salivation. A stimulus can be defined as any object , event, or experience that causes a response, the reaction of an organism. In the case of Pavlov's dogs, the food is the stimulus and salivation is the response. Pavlov soon discovered that his dogs began salivating when they weren't supposed to be salivating. Some dogs should start salivating when they saw the lab assistant bringing their food, others when they heard the clatter of the food bowl from the kitchen, and still others when it was the time of day they were usually fed. Elements of Classical Conditioning Pavlov eventually identified several key elements that must

  What is Sample ? Sample is the part of population which is representative of that population. A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation . It is a smaller, manageable version of a larger group. A researcher cannot directly make observation of every individual in the population  for the study , so that's why he select a subset of individuals {sample} .    Example:-   Suppose, the total population of the collage is 7000 and a researcher choose only 100 boys and 100 girls for his study . Here 7000 represent whole population or universe and those 200 are the samples of that population . Definitions:- " A Sample is a portion of the entire lot of certain kind of objects."  [ Mohsin 1984 ] " Sample is a selected part which is representative of the whole."  [ Chaplin, 1975, P- 468 ] " Sample refers to a selection of scores from a total set of scores known as the population."